July 1, or first "Encyclopedia" and Jarilo Day
Zodiac Sign Cancer
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Cancer, July 1. Cancers born on July 1 are much more active and aggressive than most of their zodiac siblings.
Entrepreneurial and self-motivated, these people readily dive into projects and solve problems that can further your plans and ambitions.
You have an active character, insight and a wonderful memory, think faster and make important decisions easier than most Cancers.
Creative, forward-thinking, intuitive and imaginative, you are blessed with original and innovative ideas.
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Cancer men born on July 1:
- possess the following qualities:
- homely,
- imaginative,
- cautious,
- sentimental.
- Cancer men, for the most part, are prone to excessive exaggeration of life problems - their depression and negative attitude can greatly spoil the impression.
- Refined, restless and ambiguous, Cancers can look capricious and speculate on their sophistication and mystery.
- But at the same time, Cancer men are loyal and faithful, especially in matters of love - they can fanatically idealize the object of their adoration.
Cancer women born on July 1:
- they are not like others with such differences of nature:
- natural,
- soft,
- friendly.
Cancer women are divided into two types.
- The first is affectionate, shy and somewhat frigid women who amaze with their humility and readiness to cringe.
- The second, on the contrary, are bright, emotionally unstable, with high self-esteem.
Both types are suspicious, sensitive to criticism, prone to excessive drama, impressionable.
The first volume of the world's first "Encyclopedia" was published
July 1, 1751
July 1, 1751
On July 1, the first volume of the world's first "Encyclopedia" was published. Although it should be noted that in general the very first encyclopedias or terminology dictionaries appeared in ancient Egypt during the Middle Kingdom (2nd millennium BC), and knowledge collections were also compiled in Ancient China (12th-10th centuries BC) .). But it was the encyclopaedia, which had a completely modern look, that this was habitual for us.
The project of the French reference book, entitled "Encyclopaedia, or explanatory dictionary of sciences, arts and crafts", was founded in 1747 (Encyclopédie ou dictionnaire raisonne des Sciences, des arts et des métiers). Its initiator, the Paris book publisher Louis Breton, then turned to the famous philosopher and writer-educator Denis Diderot with a request to become the organizer of a unique case. Willingly agreeing, Diderot dedicated the "Encyclopedia" 25 years of life. He was the compiler of the prospectus of the publication, its editor-in-chief and the author of numerous articles.
The main body of the Encyclopedia consisted of 35 volumes: 17 volumes of text (60 thousand articles) and 11 volumes of engravings (illustrations to the text). In 1776-1777 there were 4 more volumes of additions to illustrations, and in 1780 - 2 volumes of pointers.
The first 28 volumes were created under the editorship of a single Diderot. Subsequently, his co-editor was a scholar-minded Jean d'Alembert. The most outstanding thinkers of the Enlightenment also took part in the compilation of the encyclopedia: Francois Marie Voltaire, Paul Holbach, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Charles Louis Montesquieu, Paul Adrian Helvetius and others.
The first "Encyclopedia" was not only a popular and fascinatingly written reference book. Directed against feudalism and Catholicism, it actually served as the ideological basis for the future Great French Revolution. In the beginning, Encyclopedia published a subscription of 4 250 copies. It was repeatedly reprinted: in Lucca (1758-1776), Geneva (1778-1779) and Lausanne (1778-1781). Soon such publications became widespread in all countries. Since 1772, "Britannica" began to appear in Edinburgh, and since the beginning of the 19th century, its own encyclopedias have been created in Germany, Spain and Russia.
This day in Russia, has long been dedicated to the god Jarilo. Even with the spread of Christianity, this tradition did not cease, but it received a new interpretation: they said that in the middle of the summer all the saints compete with the pagan god, but they could not win.
Jarilo holiday was called special; it was said that he was “waited the whole year”. Supernatural phenomena were expected at this day: the sun was slowing down, and special “holes” were formed on the Earth, through which one could look at the other end of the world, and even at the other world. To do this, it was necessary to braid strong birch twigs at noon and look through them from the steep bank of the river; believed that in this way you can see loved ones about whom there has been no news for a long time.
In the afternoon, they went for mowing, stuffed mattresses with fresh-cut and dried grass. In the evenings, they gathered around campfires, enjoyed themselves, led round dances, brewed herbal teas. They also arranged "Jarilo games", fairs, visits to relatives. Holidays were accompanied by fist fights, songs, dances and riotous fun.
1200 - in China, sunglasses in the form of quartz plates were invented. They were required by the judges so that the witnesses would not see the expression of their eyes during interrogation. By the way, ophthalmic glasses were invented almost a hundred years later - in 1285.
1646 - Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, German idealist-philosopher, mathematician, physicist, and even linguist, was born. In those days, scientists developed knowledge in many different directions. Leibniz founded the Berlin Academy of Sciences, which was originally called the Brandenburg Scientific Society. At the request of Peter the Great, Leibniz developed projects for the development of education and public administration in Russia. And despite the fact that Leibniz believed the world to be the creation of God, he presented the original hypothesis to science. The hypothesis revealed the essence of monadology and stated that the world consists of innumerable mental active substances.
1751 - the first volume of the Encyclopedia, or the Explanatory Dictionary of Sciences, Arts and Crafts, was published by Denis Diderot and Jean Leron d’Alamber. In 30 years, 35 volumes of the encyclopedia have been published. The most prominent representatives of the Age of Enlightenment participated in the compilation of the encyclopedia: in addition to publishers, these were Voltaire, Rousseau, Montesquieu, Helvetius and others.
1804 - George Sand was born (real name Amandine Aurora Dupin), French writer.
1875 - the Universal Postal Union began operations.
1877 - the first Wimbledon tennis tournament begins. Championship was played among men. The winner was Spencer Gore. For the right to watch the final game, the audience paid one shilling.
1915 - the first scene of undressing in movies: Australian actress Annette Kellerman was naked in the film “Daughter of the Gods”.
1916 - Olivia de Havilland, American actress, owner of two Oscars ("To each his own", "Gone with the wind", "Heirs") was born.
1929 - American artist Elsie Segur created a comic book hero and, later, cartoons, a sailor named Papay, whose powers were tenfold after eating spinach.
1934 - Sydney Pollack, American actor, film director and producer (''Tutsi'', ''Sabrina'', ''Firm'') was born.
1952 - Dan Aykroyd was born, Canadian actor (“Sergeant Bilko”, “Ghostbusters”), a member of the band “The Blues Brothers” (as Elwood Blues).
1967 - Pamela Anderson was born, a Canadian model, actress ("Rescuers Malibu").
1972 - Claire Forlani was born, American actress (“Meet Joe Black,” “The Rock,” “In the Name of the King: A Dungeon Siege Story”)
1977 - Liv Tyler was born (real surname Rundgren), American film actress (“Armageddon”, “Lord of the Rings”), model, daughter of Aerosmith group leader Steven Tyler.
Holidays
In Folks
Jarilo Day
This day in Russia, has long been dedicated to the god Jarilo. Even with the spread of Christianity, this tradition did not cease, but it received a new interpretation: they said that in the middle of the summer all the saints compete with the pagan god, but they could not win.
Jarilo holiday was called special; it was said that he was “waited the whole year”. Supernatural phenomena were expected at this day: the sun was slowing down, and special “holes” were formed on the Earth, through which one could look at the other end of the world, and even at the other world. To do this, it was necessary to braid strong birch twigs at noon and look through them from the steep bank of the river; believed that in this way you can see loved ones about whom there has been no news for a long time.
In the afternoon, they went for mowing, stuffed mattresses with fresh-cut and dried grass. In the evenings, they gathered around campfires, enjoyed themselves, led round dances, brewed herbal teas. They also arranged "Jarilo games", fairs, visits to relatives. Holidays were accompanied by fist fights, songs, dances and riotous fun.
Also on July 1...
1646 - Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, German idealist-philosopher, mathematician, physicist, and even linguist, was born. In those days, scientists developed knowledge in many different directions. Leibniz founded the Berlin Academy of Sciences, which was originally called the Brandenburg Scientific Society. At the request of Peter the Great, Leibniz developed projects for the development of education and public administration in Russia. And despite the fact that Leibniz believed the world to be the creation of God, he presented the original hypothesis to science. The hypothesis revealed the essence of monadology and stated that the world consists of innumerable mental active substances.
1751 - the first volume of the Encyclopedia, or the Explanatory Dictionary of Sciences, Arts and Crafts, was published by Denis Diderot and Jean Leron d’Alamber. In 30 years, 35 volumes of the encyclopedia have been published. The most prominent representatives of the Age of Enlightenment participated in the compilation of the encyclopedia: in addition to publishers, these were Voltaire, Rousseau, Montesquieu, Helvetius and others.
1804 - George Sand was born (real name Amandine Aurora Dupin), French writer.
1875 - the Universal Postal Union began operations.
1877 - the first Wimbledon tennis tournament begins. Championship was played among men. The winner was Spencer Gore. For the right to watch the final game, the audience paid one shilling.
1915 - the first scene of undressing in movies: Australian actress Annette Kellerman was naked in the film “Daughter of the Gods”.
1916 - Olivia de Havilland, American actress, owner of two Oscars ("To each his own", "Gone with the wind", "Heirs") was born.
1929 - American artist Elsie Segur created a comic book hero and, later, cartoons, a sailor named Papay, whose powers were tenfold after eating spinach.
1934 - Sydney Pollack, American actor, film director and producer (''Tutsi'', ''Sabrina'', ''Firm'') was born.
1952 - Dan Aykroyd was born, Canadian actor (“Sergeant Bilko”, “Ghostbusters”), a member of the band “The Blues Brothers” (as Elwood Blues).
1967 - Pamela Anderson was born, a Canadian model, actress ("Rescuers Malibu").
1972 - Claire Forlani was born, American actress (“Meet Joe Black,” “The Rock,” “In the Name of the King: A Dungeon Siege Story”)
1977 - Liv Tyler was born (real surname Rundgren), American film actress (“Armageddon”, “Lord of the Rings”), model, daughter of Aerosmith group leader Steven Tyler.
1977 - UFO visited the NATO base in Italy; At the time, electricity disappeared within a radius of 5 km.
1979 - Sony introduced the Walkman portable audio player, the most famous device of this type ... before the iPod appeared.
1997 - Hong Kong again became part of China. "Hong Kong", means "Fragrant Bay". For 155 years, this territory was in the possession of Great Britain - in 1842, having a defeat in the Anglo-Chinese war of 1840–1842, China was forced to surrender these territories to the British.
2000 - in the USA it is allowed to certify financial documents by electronic signature.
2004 - died Marlon Brando (born 1924), American theater and film actor, winner of the Oscar.
2015 - Nicholas Winton (b. 1909), a British philanthropist who, on the eve of World War II, organized the rescue from the Holocaust of Jewish children in Czechoslovakia occupied by the Germans, died.
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